Same-sex marriage opponents Rev. Anthony Evans, left, and Bishop Harry Jackson talk Tuesday outside the D.C. Court of Appeals. A case before the court could force the city to put its same-sex marriage law before voters in a ballot initiative. (Washington Blade photo by Michael Key)
In what legal observers called an unusual development, the full nine-judge D.C. Court of Appeals heard oral arguments Monday for a lawsuit seeking to force the city to put its same-sex marriage law before voters in a ballot initiative.
At issue is whether a 1970s amendment to the D.C. City Charter that allows voters to pass or repeal laws through an initiative or referendum can legally include a provision banning such ballot measures if they would take away rights from minorities.
The City Council added the provision to the charter amendment at the request of gay activists. The effort by same-sex marriage opponents to challenge the provision represents the first time it has been seriously questioned in more than 30 years.
All but two of the judges asked pointed questions that appeared to challenge the legal arguments presented by the lawyers on both sides of the case, taking on the role of devil’s advocate.
“The court asked a variety of probing questions, as they should have,” said Thomas Williamson, an attorney with Covington & Burling, which filed a friend of the court brief on the side of the D.C. government in defense of the law restricting ballot measures.
“But it seemed that a consistent theme in their questions was a sensitivity to the importance of protecting civil rights of a vulnerable minority, which is really what this case is about here — the right of same-sex couples to enjoy marriage and have the same status for their marriage as all other citizens of the District,” Williamson said.
Five of the nine judges, including Chief Judge Eric Washington, were appointed by President George W. Bush. President Bill Clinton appointed the remaining four.
Williamson and local gay rights attorney Mark Levine said it’s unusual for the Court of Appeals to hear a case for the first time en banc, or with all of its judges, instead of its usual practice of assigning a three-judge panel to hear a case.
One significant outcome of an en banc case is that the full court has the authority to overturn previous decisions it handed down either en banc or through a three-judge panel if the previous rulings would interfere with its intentions in a current case. Williamson said one possible ruling the court might overturn in the current case over the D.C. same-sex marriage law is the 1990s case known as Dean v. the District of Columbia.
In that case, the appeals court rejected a claim by a gay male couple that the city’s existing marriage law allowed for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples because of the Human Rights Act’s ban on discrimination based on gender and sexual orientation. At that time, the court ruled that the marriage law restricting marriages to opposite-sex couples took precedence over the Human Rights Law.
In recent years, gay rights attorneys and D.C. government officials have argued that the Dean decision was no longer relevant because the City Council had since made sweeping changes to the marriage law, providing extensive rights, including marriage, for same-sex couples.
Austin Nimocks, legal counsel for the Alliance Defense Fund, a Christian litigation group, argued the case Tuesday for Bishop Harry Jackson and other local opponents of same-sex marriage who filed the lawsuit seeking a ballot measure to overturn the gay marriage law.
Jackson initially filed his lawsuit before the D.C. Superior Court last fall, after the D.C. Board of Elections & Ethics rejected his application for a voter initiative calling for defining marriage in D.C. as the union between one man and one woman. The board ruled that the initiative would violate the provision added to the referendum and initiative law that bans such ballot measures if they would result in discrimination prohibited by the Human Rights Act.
The effect of the initiative, if approved by voters, would be to repeal the same-sex marriage law that the City Council passed and Mayor Adrian Fenty signed in December. The law took effect March 3 after it cleared a required 30 legislative day review by Congress.
Jackson then filed suit seeking to overturn the election board’s decision. In January, Superior Court Judge Judith Macaluso upheld the election board’s decision, saying the law cited by the city to ban such ballot measures was valid.
Tuesday’s hearing before the D.C. Court of Appeals came about after Jackson and his supporters appealed Macaluso’s ruling.
Nimocks sidestepped reporters’ questions about the appeals court judge’s comments, including those who challenged his arguments. He said after the hearing that his side is correct in claiming the 30-year-old provision in the D.C. Charter barring certain ballot measures violates the full District of Columbia Charter.
The city’s charter is considered to be equivalent to a state constitution, and legal experts say all laws enacted by the City Council and signed by the mayor must be consistent with any restrictions or limits set by the charter.
Nimocks argued before the court Tuesday that the charter amendment that created the city’s voter initiative and referendum system sets just one restriction on such ballet measures: a ban on voters directly deciding on matters related city funding or taxes.
He said the charter amendment, which the City Council passed and Congress approved, doesn’t allow further restrictions that would prevent a ballot measure seeking to curtail minority rights.
“The people have a right to vote that’s guaranteed by the District of Columbia Charter,” he said. “And the City Council cannot amend the charter. They cannot do anything to undermine the people’s right to vote.”
In his written brief, Nimocks also argued that the Dean case was still a factor that the appeals court should consider.
Todd Kim, the D.C. Solicitor General who argued on behalf of the city, told the court the charter amendment establishing the initiative and referendum system gives the City Council authority to make some changes in the system to carry out its “purpose.”
Kim noted that the Council wrote the charter amendment and that part of the purpose in creating it was to place certain restrictions consistent with longstanding city policy, including policies related to rights of minorities. The D.C. Human Rights Act, which was in place at that time, included a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation, Kim said, indicating the city’s overall policy and purpose was to protect the rights of gays and lesbians along with other minorities.
He also noted that Congress approved the charter amendment through its normal 30 legislative day review, further solidifying its status as a valid law.
In another development that pleased gay activists attending Tuesday’s appeals court hearing, Judge Phyllis Thompson, a Bush appointee, pointed out that D.C. voters approved a statehood constitution in the early 1980s that included a provision banning initiatives and referenda that would take away rights of minorities, including gays.
Thompson appeared to be challenging Nimocks’ arguments that voters should have the right to decide on the gay marriage law by noting that D.C. voters approved the ban on ballot measures seeking to take away rights for gays and others.
Legal experts have said the statehood constitution passed by voters had no legal standing because D.C. statehood — which many D.C. residents favored in the 1980s — could not come about without approval by Congress. Congress never took the proposal seriously.
But Levine and Williamson said Thompson’s decision to raise the issued shows that she, and possibly a number of her colleagues on the appeals court, are sympathetic to the city law banning ballot measure that would take away rights, including the right of same-sex couples to marry in D.C.
“Marriage equality has already brought critical rights and responsibilities to hundreds of same-sex couples, yet outside forces are determined to undo our progress,” said Aisha Mills, president of the Campaign for All D.C. Families, one of the local groups that lobbied for a same-sex marriage law.
“As the courts have uniformly recognized in upholding D.C.’s comprehensive anti-discrimination laws, no one should have to have their marriages — or any of their civil rights — put to a public vote,” she said.
Jackson was among more than a hundred spectators to attend Tuesday’s appeals court hearing. The spectators appeared to be equally divided between same-sex marriage opponents and supporters, with many of the city’s prominent LGBT activists in attendance.
In addition to Washington and Thompson, the appeals court members include Judges Vanessa Ruiz, Inez Smith Reid and Stephen Glickman, who are Clinton appointees, and Judges John Kramer, John Fisher, Anna Blackbourne-Rigsby and Kathryn Oberly, who are Bush appointees.
Court observers say a decision on the marriage case could come anytime between the next several months and more than a year. The losing party could appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, but many legal observers believe the high court would be unlikely to take the case.
My spouse and me were married in DC on April 13. Despite many obstacles, including a hospital stay in early April, to our being able to make it to the Courthouse that day, we did and finally “got hitched” after 26 years of being together. This was an amazing thing for us and we can only hope this court will ignore the hateful and ignorant attempt to undermine this precious right. We further hope many more will be able to do what we were able to do. It is only right.
There is so much that is disturbing about “Bishop” Jackson’s group. Imagine a minority vigorously attempting to deny marriage equality to gays and lesbians because he doesn’t feel that we are a legitimate minority. I guess for him it was fine that the council passed laws that protected us as a group, AS LONG AS IT WASN’T APPLIED TO ANYTHING MEANINGFUL!
I’ve written before that if Jackson is so concerned about “the family,” he should start with his own community. Seventy percent of black kids are born to single black women. Seventy percent! Jackson: forget about gay marriage — start spending your group’s money and time on helping your community delay baby making until marriage and then keeping these marriages together. Instead of looking for marriage threats outside, realize that the real problem lies within your community. Whether I or any other gay or lesbian decides to marry is quite irrelevant to the devastation that your own community is facing.
Very good point, Bill. Same advice goes to all those in the bible belt where divorce rate and teen pregnancy is higher than it is in most northern states, include MA where gay couples can get married. Help those who are hurting marriage the most before you keep trying to stop people who want to be included in marriage.
Bill, Understanding None of us like what Bishop Harry Jackson is doing but I’m not sure where you got this Seventy percent of black kids are born to single black women. Seventy percent!
The information comes for the National Center for Health Statistics for 2007 (the latest year of recorded data). Forty percent of children in the U.S. are born to single women, this is a blended number. This is the breakdown: 28% to white women; 51% of Latinas; and 72% to Black women.
http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/wayoflife/04/08/out.of.wedlock.births/index.html
Jackson and his ilk are crying that gay marriage is a direct attack on “the family” and the institution of marriage. It is obvious and self-evident that the real villain, as I state in my post above, is the enormous amount of children born to single, black women. Turnaround is a bitch. I stand by my post.
So I am assuming 99% of white children are born to married couples???????
See my reply above. BTW, 28% of white kids are born to single white women.
Bill, you started speaking an important truth about the subject of the article. However, you quickly got into a discussion of an issue that had nothing to do with the reverends efforts to deny or curtail marriage equality. Discussing the birth rate of black females is clearly off topic. You have not lived a black woman’s life, under their circumstance(s), and you show you are insensitive and unsympathetic to other factors that are out of your control that shaped their situation–both negative and good–(and that’s another conversation). Since you did not proffer the “solution” to this social problem, I question why you seek to infringe black female rights to bear children, while manipulating numbers to make it appear fewer whites are born out of wedlock? Buzzer! Wrong answer.
Rev. Jackson and Rev. Evans are trying to curtail if not outright deny same sex marriage in DC. The last time I looked, equality marriage is for all DC residents, regardless of their sex, sexual orientation, race or number of children born out of wedlock.
Are you aware of the years of work of many Black gay and non-gay men and women activists that built coalitions with black straight organizations, adding their collective support to bring the marriage equality bill to fruition? I am hopeful, Bill, you are not promoting typical white gay male misogyny and race-baiting–it does nothing but muddle that cooperation to the detriment of all DC residents.
See my reply to Chris above. Jackson and his ilk has framed the gay marriage as an attack against marriage. As I state in my original post, he would do well attending to his own community.
I am still waiting to hear that Bigot Jackson who claims to be a city resident has been paying city taxes.
This bigot is so obsessed that I’m beginning to wonder why he is so homophobic. I think he’s trying to prove how straight he is to someone, perhaps his wife or mother.
Batsh(* Jackson: Do us all a favor, STFU. You have no power here. Your radical religious right wing fear mongering and demonizing of the gay community doesn’t work in DC. Go back home you carpetbagger.