Commentary
Anti-LGBTQ discrimination harms economies of Serbia, North Macedonia
World Bank reports detail GDP impact in two countries
BY AMARILDO FECANJI | On Sept. 26, 2023, the World Bank published two research reports on the economic cost of excluding lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) people in North Macedonia and Serbia. The research study was conducted closely with the regional LGBTI network association ERA. The studies estimate that the annual financial loss due to SOGIESC-based exclusion totals 0.6 percent of North Macedonia’s and Serbia’s GDP. In addition, the research estimates the fiscal yearly loss totaling approximately 0.1 percent of the 2021 GDP in the Republic of Serbia and 0.13 percent of the GDP in North Macedonia.
In the Western Balkan region, just like in many other countries, LGBTI people continue to face discrimination and exclusion, which limits their ability to reach their full potential in different areas of life, including education, employment, and physical and mental health. A public opinion poll conducted by ERA earlier in 2023 shows that attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people remain negative, even though there is a slight improvement compared to a similar survey conducted in 2015. Still, half of the population continues to believe that being LGBTIQ+ is a sickness, reflecting local society’s fundamental negative beliefs towards the community and the low support for more legal and social rights.
The effects of stigma, discrimination and exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) could cost economies billions of dollars. However, quantifying such costs is hampered by a lack of nationally representative data about LGBTI people in most countries. The findings show significant levels of workplace discrimination in both countries. In North Macedonia, about 14 percent of the LGBTI people had experienced workplace discrimination in hiring, firing, professional advancement, salary, tasks and other job-related situations, while in Serbia, the same was for 16 percent of respondents. Transgender people disproportionately reported experiences of workplace discrimination and lifetime experiences of quitting a job due to workplace discrimination. The study concludes that North Macedonia has an estimated total economic loss of $64 million annually, while for Serbia, this is at $293 million. As for fiscal loss, combining the estimated revenue and expenditure losses and weighting that by the size of the LGBTI population, the study estimates that fiscal losses total $17 million, or 0.13 percent of North Macedonia’s GDP and $88 million, or 0.1 percent of Serbia’s GDP.
Bearing in mind that LGBTI people’s experiences with workplace discrimination and exclusion are likely not uniform, which can be reflected in economic losses, self-reported experiences of discrimination and stigma in the workplace are taken into account when estimating the costs of SOGIESC-based exclusion. To implement the theoretical models and avoid any factors that could affect the results, nearly identical online surveys on crucial labor market characteristics of the general population and the LGBTI population were conducted.
This study is also an important advocacy and awareness-raising tool for LGBTIQ+ communities and activists in North Macedonia and Serbia. To put a number on the cost of exclusion is an essential message for decision-makers who often overlook this community in their social and economic policies. The ILGA-Europe Annual Rainbow Map and Index for 2023 places Serbia in the 29th place and North Macedonia in the 32nd, requiring both countries to adopt progressive laws and policies. The main community demands for North Macedonia are to introduce fair legal gender recognition, introduce hate speech laws that cover all bias-motivated hate crimes and adopt LGBTIQ+ national action plans with proper allocation of funds. For Serbia, the demands are to legalize same-sex couples, such as registered partnerships, introduce policies that target hatred against LGBTIQ+ people and reform the legal framework for fair and transparent legal gender recognition.
Amarildo Fecanji, program director at ERA, reflected on the report’s findings.
“This study speaks directly to the countless experiences of LGBTIQ+ people in the Balkans region with discrimination, harassment and exclusion. I recall my experiences in the Albanian labor market before LGBTIQ+ activism became a full-time occupation. I worked in media, advertising, PR, and human resources. In all these companies, I experienced different types of mistreatment, which profoundly impacted my mental health and performance at work. Microaggressions of all sorts, gossip and exclusion from job opportunities are some of the things I experienced. LGBTIQ+ people have experienced this and much more in their local Balkan economies.”
Amarildo Fecanji is the Program Director at ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and before that was program director at PINK Embassy / Albania from 2011-2015. He holds a B.A. in international relations from SUNY/ESC and an LL.M in public international law from the University of Nottingham.
Today, on World AIDS Day, we honor the resilience, courage, and dignity of people living with HIV everywhere especially refugees, asylum seekers, and queer displaced communities across East Africa and the world.
For many, living with HIV is not just a health journey it is a journey of navigating stigma, borders, laws, discrimination, and survival.
Yet even in the face of displacement, uncertainty, and exclusion, queer people living with HIV continue to rise, thrive, advocate, and build community against all odds.
To every displaced person living with HIV:
• Your strength inspires us.
• Your story matters.
• You are worthy of safety, compassion, and the full right to health.
• You deserve a world where borders do not determine access to treatment, where identity does not determine dignity, and where your existence is celebrated not criminalized.
Let today be a reminder that:
• HIV is not a crime.
• Queer identity is not a crime.
• Seeking safety is not a crime.
• Stigma has no place in our communities.
• Access to treatment, care, and protection is a human right.
As we reflect, we must recommit ourselves to building systems that protect not punish displaced queer people living with HIV. We must amplify their voices, invest in inclusive healthcare, and fight the inequalities that fuel vulnerability.
Hope is stronger when we build it together.
Let’s continue to uplift, empower, and walk alongside those whose journeys are too often unheard.
Today we remember.
Today we stand together.
Today we renew hope.
Abraham Junior lives in the Gorom Refugee Settlement in South Sudan.
Commentary
Perfection is a lie and vulnerability is the new strength
Rebuilding life and business after profound struggles
I grew up an overweight, gay Black boy in West Baltimore, so I know what it feels like not to fit into a world that was not really made for you. When I was 18, my mother passed from congestive heart failure, and fitness became a sanctuary for my mental health rather than just a place to build my body. That is the line I open most speeches with when people ask who I am and why I started SWEAT DC.
The truth is that little boy never really left me.
Even now, at 42 years old, standing 6 feet 3 inches and 225 pounds as a fitness business owner, I still carry the fears, judgments, and insecurities of that broken kid. Many of us do. We grow into new seasons of life, but the messages we absorbed when we were young linger and shape the stories we tell ourselves. My lack of confidence growing up pushed me to chase perfection as I aged. So, of course, I ended up in Washington, D.C., which I lovingly call the most perfection obsessed city in the world.
Chances are that if you are reading this, you feel some of that too.
D.C. is a place where your resume walks through the door before you do, where degrees, salaries, and the perfect body feel like unspoken expectations. In the age of social media, the pressure is even louder. We are all scrolling through each other’s highlight reels, comparing our behind the scenes to someone else’s curated moment. And I am not above it. I have posted the perfect photo with the inspirational “God did it again” caption when I am feeling great and then gone completely quiet when life feels heavy. I am guilty of loving being the strong friend while hating to admit that sometimes I am the friend who needs support.
We are all caught in a system that teaches us perfection or nothing at all. But what I know for sure now is this: Perfection is a lie and vulnerability is the new strength.
When I first stepped into leadership, trying to be the perfect CEO, I found Brené Brown’s book, “Daring Greatly” and immediately grabbed onto the idea that vulnerability is strength. I wanted to create a community at SWEAT where people felt safe enough to be real. Staff, members, partners, everyone. “Welcome Home” became our motto for a reason. Our mission is to create a world where everyone feels confident in their skin.
But in my effort to build that world for others, I forgot to build it for myself.
Since launching SWEAT as a pop up fundraiser in 2015, opening our first brick and mortar in 2017, surviving COVID, reemerging and scaling, and now preparing to open our fifth location in Shaw in February 2026, life has been full. Along the way, I went from having a tight trainer six pack to gaining nearly 50 pounds as a stressed out entrepreneur. I lost my father. I underwent hip replacement surgery. I left a relationship that looked fine on paper but was not right. I took on extra jobs to keep the business alive. I battled alcoholism. I faced depression and loneliness. There are more stories than I can fit in one piece.
But the hardest battle was the one in my head. I judged myself for not having the body I once had. I asked myself how I could lead a fitness company if I was not in perfect shape. I asked myself how I could be a gay man in this city and not look the way I used to.
Then came the healing.
A fraternity brother said to me on the phone, “G, you have to forgive yourself.” It stopped me in my tracks. I had never considered forgiving myself. I only knew how to push harder, chase more, and hide the cracks. When we hung up, I cried. That moment opened something in me. I realized I had not neglected my body. I had held my life and my business together the best way I knew how through unimaginable seasons.
I stopped shaming myself for not looking like my past. I started honoring the new ways I had proven I was strong.
So here is what I want to offer anyone who is in that dark space now. Give yourself the same grace you give everyone else. Love yourself through every phase, not just the shiny ones. Recognize growth even when growth simply means you are still here.
When I created SWEAT, I hoped to build a home where people felt worthy just as they are, mostly because I needed that home too. My mission now is to carry that message beyond our walls and into the city I love. To build a STRONGER DC.
Because strength is not perfection. Strength is learning to love an imperfect you.
With love and gratitude, Coach G.
Gerard Burley, also known as Coach G, is a D.C.-based fitness entrepreneur.
Commentary
Elusive safety: what new global data reveals about gender, violence, and erasure
Movements against gender equality, lack of human rights data contributing factors.
“My identity could be revealed, people can say whatever they want [online] without consequences. [Hormone replacement therapy] is illegal here so I’m just waiting to find a way to get out of here.”
-Anonymous respondent to the 2024 F&M Global Barometers LGBTQI+ Perception Index from Iraq, self-identified as a transgender woman and lesbian
As the campaign for 16 Days Against Gender-Based Violence begins, it is a reminder that gender-based violence (GBV) — both on– and offline — not only impacts women and girls but everyone who has been harmed or abused because of their gender or perceived gender. New research from the Franklin & Marshall (F&M) Global Barometers and its report A Growing Backlash: Quantifying the Experiences of LGBTQI+ People, 2022-2024 starkly show trends of declining safety among LGBTQI+ persons around the world.
This erosion of safety is accelerated by movements against gender equality and the disappearance of credible human rights data and reporting. The fight against GBV means understanding all people’s lived realities, including those of LGBTQI+ people, alongside the rights we continue to fight for.
We partnered together while at USAID and Franklin & Marshall College to expand the research and evidence base to better understand GBV against LGBTQI+ persons through the F&M Global Barometers. The collection of barometers tracks the legal rights and lived experiences of LGBTQI+ persons from 204 countries and territories from 2011 to the present. With more than a decade of data, it allows us to see how rights have progressed and receded as well as the gaps between legal protections and lived experiences of discrimination and violence.
This year’s data reveals alarming trends that highlight how fear and violence are, at its root, gendered phenomena that affect anyone who transgresses traditional gender norms.
LGBTQI+ people feel less safe
Nearly two-thirds of countries experienced a decline in their score on the F&M Global Barometers LGBTQI+ Perception Index (GBPI) from 2022-2024. This represents a five percent drop in global safety scores in just two years. With almost 70 percent of countries receiving an “F” grade on the GBPI, this suggests a global crisis in actual human rights protections for LGBTQI+ people.
Backsliding on LGBTQI+ human rights is happening everywhere, even in politically stable, established democracies with human rights protections for LGBTQI+ people. Countries in Western Europe and the Americas experienced the greatest negative GBPI score changes globally, 74 and 67 percent, respectively. Transgender people globally reported the highest likelihood of violence, while trans women and intersex people reported the highest levels of feeling very unsafe or unsafe simply because of who they are.
Taboo of gender equality
Before this current administration dismantled USAID, I helped create an LGBTQI+ inclusive whole-of-government strategy to prevent and respond to GBV that highlighted the unique forms of GBV against LGBTQI+ persons. This included so-called ‘corrective’ rape related to actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression” and so-called ‘conversion’ therapy practices that seek to change or suppress a person’s gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or sex characteristics. These efforts helped connect the dots in understanding that LGBTQI+ violence is rooted in the same systems of inequality and power imbalances as the broader spectrum of GBV against women and girls.
Losing data and accountability
Data that helps better understand GBV against LGBTQI+ persons is also disappearing. Again, the dismantling of USAID meant a treasure trove of research and reports on LGBTQI+ rights have been lost. Earlier this year, the US Department of State removed LGBTQI+ reporting from its annual Human Rights Reports. These played a critical role in providing credible sources for civil society, researchers, and policymakers to track abuses and advocate for change.
If violence isn’t documented, it’s easier for governments to deny it even exists and harder for us to hold governments accountable. Yet when systems of accountability work, governments and civil society can utilize data in international forums like the UN Universal Periodic Review, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the Sustainable Development Goals to assess progress and compliance and call for governments to improve protections.
All may not be lost if other countries and donors fill the void by supporting independent data collection and reporting efforts like the F&M Global Barometers and other academic and civil society monitoring. Such efforts are essential to the fight against GBV: The data helps show that the path toward safety, equality, and justice is within our reach if we’re unafraid of truth and visibility of those most marginalized and impacted.
Jay Gilliam (he/him/his) was the Senior LGBTQI+ Coordinator at USAID and is a member of the Global Outreach Advisory Council of the F&M Global Barometers.
Susan Dicklitch-Nelson (she/her/hers) is the founder of the F&M Global Barometers and Professor of Government at Franklin & Marshall College.
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